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The Unit for Slow Oscillations

The centihertz (cHz) is a unit of frequency equal to 10⁻² hertz, meaning one cycle occurs every 100 seconds, or approximately 1 minute and 40 seconds. This frequency range is useful in studying slow, periodic phenomena in fields like geophysics, astrophysics, and engineering.

In geophysics, centihertz frequencies often describe slow seismic waves and Earth’s natural resonances after earthquakes. These oscillations provide insights into the planet’s interior structure and the behavior of seismic waves as they travel through different layers. Monitoring these frequencies helps improve earthquake understanding and early-warning systems.

In astrophysics, centihertz frequencies correspond to certain pulsations in stars and compact objects like neutron stars. These slow oscillations help scientists probe the physical properties, rotation, and magnetic fields of such objects.

In engineering, centihertz vibrations may be important for studying the stability and resonance of large structures like bridges or skyscrapers, which can oscillate slowly under environmental forces like wind or traffic.

Centihertz frequencies represent a middle ground between very slow ultra-low frequencies and faster oscillations. By understanding these frequencies, researchers can better analyze processes that unfold over minutes, bridging time scales relevant to both natural phenomena and engineered systems.

Measuring Light and Electromagnetic Waves

A nanometre (nm) is a unit of length equal to one billionth of a metre (1 nm = 10⁻⁹ m) and is commonly used to express wavelengths of light and other electromagnetic waves. In this context, nanometres provide a convenient scale for describing phenomena that occur at the atomic and molecular level. Visible light, for example, spans wavelengths from about 380 nm (violet) to 750 nm (red). Ultraviolet (UV) light has shorter wavelengths, typically between 10 nm and 400 nm, while infrared (IR) light has longer wavelengths, from about 750 nm to 1,000,000 nm.

Wavelengths in nanometres are critical in fields like optics, photonics, spectroscopy, and nanotechnology. They determine the energy and color of light, how it interacts with matter, and how it can be manipulated in devices like lasers, fiber optics, and solar cells. Shorter wavelengths (in the UV or X-ray range) carry more energy and are used in applications such as medical imaging and semiconductor fabrication. Understanding and working with wavelengths in nanometres allows scientists and engineers to explore and control the behavior of light at extremely small scales—down to the size of atoms and molecules.