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The Scale of Ultra-Low Frequency Waves

A megametre (Mm) equals 1,000,000 metres (10⁶ m) and is used to describe extraordinarily long wavelengths found in the ultra-low frequency (ULF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. These wavelengths correspond to frequencies less than a few hertz, often in the range of millihertz to a few hertz. At this scale, wavelengths span hundreds to thousands of kilometres, extending into the megametre range.

Waves with megametre-scale wavelengths are critical for studying natural phenomena such as Earth’s magnetospheric oscillations, geomagnetic pulsations, and seismic electromagnetic signals. These frequencies and wavelengths are also important in geophysical research, allowing scientists to monitor changes in the Earth’s magnetic field and space weather effects. For example, a frequency of 0.1 Hz corresponds to a wavelength of about 3,000,000 metres, or 3 Mm.

Because of their immense scale, megametre wavelengths are not used for typical communication systems but are crucial in understanding planetary and space environments. Using the megametre unit helps researchers conceptualize and quantify these gigantic waves, linking electromagnetic theory with geophysical observations and space science.

The Realm of Ultra-High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves

The exahertz (EHz) is a unit of frequency equal to 1 quintillion hertz (10¹⁸ Hz), representing one quintillion cycles per second. This extremely high frequency lies deep within the gamma-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum, associated with some of the most energetic processes in the universe.

Exahertz frequencies correspond to electromagnetic waves with extremely short wavelengths—on the order of picometers or smaller—which are produced by nuclear reactions, cosmic rays, and other high-energy astrophysical phenomena. Gamma rays at these frequencies are emitted by events like supernovae, neutron star collisions, and active galactic nuclei.

Due to their immense energy, exahertz waves can penetrate matter deeply and are used in applications such as cancer radiation therapy and high-energy physics experiments. However, generating and detecting such frequencies on Earth remains highly challenging, requiring advanced particle accelerators and specialized detectors.

Studying exahertz frequencies helps scientists explore fundamental physics, including particle interactions, quantum mechanics, and the conditions of the early universe. These investigations provide insights into the nature of matter, energy, and the forces governing the cosmos.