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The Scale of Interstellar and Cosmological Waves

A petametre (Pm) equals 1,000 terametres (10¹⁵ metres), representing unimaginably vast distances that describe the longest electromagnetic wavelengths in the universe. These wavelengths correspond to frequencies in the attohertz (10⁻¹⁸ Hz) and lower ranges, which are mostly relevant in cosmology, astrophysics, and the study of gravitational waves and large-scale cosmic phenomena.

For context, a frequency of 1 attohertz (10⁻¹⁸ Hz) corresponds to a wavelength of approximately 300 petametres. This scale is far beyond any human-made signals and reflects waves that stretch across entire galaxies or even clusters of galaxies. Such waves help scientists study the cosmic microwave background (CMB) fluctuations, the large-scale structure of the universe, and primordial gravitational waves created shortly after the Big Bang.

Using petametres to measure wavelength allows researchers to grasp the vastness of these cosmic oscillations and the slowest processes influencing the universe’s evolution. These extreme wavelengths provide crucial insight into the origins, expansion, and ultimate fate of the cosmos.

The Unit of Frequency

The term cycle per second, commonly known as the hertz (Hz), is the standard unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI). It measures how many complete cycles or oscillations of a periodic event occur in one second. For example, if a wave oscillates 60 times in one second, it has a frequency of 60 Hz. The concept of cycle per second applies to many fields including sound waves, electromagnetic waves, mechanical vibrations, and alternating current electricity.

Frequency determines many important characteristics of waves, such as pitch in sound or color in light. In electrical engineering, frequency dictates the behavior of AC power systems, with the standard mains electricity frequency being 50 or 60 Hz depending on the country. Radio and television broadcasts also rely on specific frequencies to transmit signals.

Using cycle per second as a unit helps scientists and engineers understand and quantify periodic phenomena. The hertz is essential for designing electronic devices, communication systems, and studying natural oscillations. It provides a universal language to describe the repetitive nature of waves and signals, enabling consistent measurement and comparison across different scientific disciplines.