Dyne per Hour per Centimeter [dyne/(h·cm)]

The unit dyne per hour per centimeter, written as dyne/(h·cm), measures force per unit length over time, often used in contexts such as viscous drag, material creep, or very slow mechanical processes in cgs (centimeter-gram-second) units.

A dyne is the cgs unit of force, defined as the force required to accelerate 1 gram of mass by 1 cm/s². Therefore, 1 dyne = 10⁻⁵ newtons in SI units. The additional division by centimeter represents a per-unit-length measure, and division by hour accounts for time rate.

Mathematically, the quantity can be expressed as:

where F is force in dynes, L is length in cm, and t is time in hours.

Applications include:

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  Creep or stress studies in materials under very small forces over long periods

  
  
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  Lubrication or viscous flow measurements in cgs-based engineering studies

  
  
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  Experimental mechanics where small forces per unit length are measured over extended time

  
  

Conversion to SI units:

This unit is largely of historical or specialized interest but provides a precise cgs-based measure for extremely slow, small-force phenomena.

Joule per Second per Square Meter [J/(s·m²)]

The unit joule per second per square meter, written as J/(s·m²), is a measure of heat flux density or radiant flux. Since 1 joule per second equals 1 watt, this unit is equivalent to watt per square meter (W/m²). It represents the amount of energy transferred or radiated through 1 square meter of surface every second.

This unit is widely used in physics, thermodynamics, meteorology, and solar energy studies. Examples include:

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  Measuring solar radiation incident on the Earth’s surface

  
  
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  Evaluating heat transfer through walls, roofs, and other surfaces

  
  
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  Calculating power density in radiant heating or cooling systems

  
  

Mathematically, the heat flux is expressed as:

where q is the flux in J/(s·m²), Q is energy in joules, A is area in m², and t is time in seconds.

For example, solar constant outside Earth’s atmosphere is approximately 1361 J/(s·m²), indicating the power received per square meter from the Sun.

Using J/(s·m²) or W/m² provides a standardized, SI-compliant measure for energy transfer per unit area, replacing older units like cal/cm²·s or Btu/ft²·h in modern engineering and scientific applications.