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Number System

The base-16 number system, also known as the hexadecimal system, is a positional numeral system that uses sixteen symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F, where A represents ten, B eleven, C twelve, D thirteen, E fourteen, and F fifteen in decimal. Each digit’s position represents a power of 16, starting from $16^0$ at the rightmost digit and increasing to the left. For example, the hexadecimal number 2F3 equals $2 \times 16^2 + 15 \times 16^1 + 3 \times 16^0 = 512 + 240 + 3 = 755$ in decimal. Hexadecimal is widely used in computing and digital electronics because it provides a compact way to represent binary numbers, with each hex digit corresponding exactly to four binary digits. This simplifies conversions between binary and hexadecimal and makes it easier to read and write large binary values. Hexadecimal numbers are commonly used in programming, memory addressing, color codes in web design, and digital circuit design. Understanding base-16 is essential for computer scientists, engineers, and programmers, as it bridges the gap between human-readable numbers and machine-level binary code, enabling efficient computation, debugging, and data representation.

Numbers are fundamental mathematical concepts used to represent quantity, order, and value. They are essential in daily life, science, engineering, and technology for counting, measuring, calculating, and analyzing data. Numbers can be classified into different types, including natural numbers (1, 2, 3…), whole numbers (0, 1, 2…), integers (…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2…), rational numbers (fractions like 1/2 or -3/4), irrational numbers (like √2 or π), and real numbers, which include all rational and irrational numbers. Additionally, complex numbers include a real part and an imaginary part, represented as a + bi. Numbers can also be expressed in different numeral systems, such as decimal (base-10), binary (base-2), octal (base-8), and hexadecimal (base-16), which are widely used in mathematics and computing. They help in performing arithmetic operations, solving equations, and understanding patterns and relationships in data. Numbers provide a universal language for science, commerce, and technology, enabling humans to quantify objects, analyze phenomena, and make informed decisions. Mastery of numbers and their properties forms the foundation of mathematical reasoning, logical thinking, and problem-solving in everyday life and advanced studies.