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Nanogray [nGy]: Measuring Extremely Low Radiation Doses

The nanogray (nGy) is a unit of absorbed radiation dose equal to 10⁻⁹ grays (Gy). Since the gray (Gy) is the SI unit that measures the amount of ionizing radiation absorbed by a substance (typically per kilogram), one nanogray represents one-billionth of a gray. This tiny unit is used in situations where radiation doses are extremely low, such as background environmental radiation, space research, or ultra-sensitive radiation detection studies. For example, scientists may use nanograys to measure the small amounts of cosmic radiation received by satellites or astronauts over long periods, or to study natural background radiation in very low-radiation areas. Although it is too small to be relevant for most medical or industrial applications—where doses are typically measured in milligrays (mGy) or grays (Gy)—the nanogray is valuable in research that focuses on long-term, low-level exposure and its possible biological effects. It allows for precise tracking and modeling of minimal energy deposits in matter. The use of the nanogray highlights the importance of accurate measurement at even the smallest scales when studying radiation’s impact on the environment, health, or sensitive equipment.

the Attogray (aGy): A Unit of Radiation Dose

The attogray (aGy) is a unit of absorbed radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI), where 1 attogray equals 10⁻¹⁸ grays (Gy). The gray (Gy) is the standard SI unit for absorbed dose and is defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter. Therefore, one attogray is an extremely small amount of absorbed radiation, suitable for measuring very low-level exposures, such as background radiation or minor doses in sensitive scientific experiments.

This unit is primarily used in fields like radiation physics, space science, or nuclear medicine research, where extremely precise measurements are necessary. For instance, in nanodosimetry or advanced particle physics, detecting such small doses helps in understanding radiation interactions at the molecular or cellular level. Although not commonly used in everyday radiation monitoring or medical diagnostics, the attogray provides a way to quantify minuscule radiation amounts accurately, which can be crucial in environments where even the smallest exposure matters.

Understanding units like the attogray is essential in advancing safety protocols, developing radiation-resistant materials, and improving our overall understanding of radiation effects on living tissues at the microscopic scale.