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Measuring Ultra-Low Frequencies

The attohertz (aHz) is an extremely small unit of frequency equal to 10⁻¹⁸ hertz, or one cycle per 10¹⁸ seconds (about 31.7 billion years). This unit is used to describe ultra-low frequency phenomena that occur on cosmic or geological timescales, far beyond everyday human experience.

Attohertz frequencies are relevant in cosmology, astrophysics, and geophysics, where they help scientists study processes that evolve over billions of years. For example, gravitational waves generated by massive cosmic events or the oscillations of the Earth’s magnetic field can be characterized by frequencies in the attohertz range. These waves have enormous wavelengths, often spanning millions or billions of kilometres.

Because the attohertz corresponds to such a long period between cycles, it is mostly used in theoretical research rather than practical applications. Understanding phenomena at this scale gives insight into the fundamental workings of the universe, including the slow evolution of cosmic structures, the expansion of space-time, and the early conditions following the Big Bang.

The Unit of Frequency

The term cycle per second, commonly known as the hertz (Hz), is the standard unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI). It measures how many complete cycles or oscillations of a periodic event occur in one second. For example, if a wave oscillates 60 times in one second, it has a frequency of 60 Hz. The concept of cycle per second applies to many fields including sound waves, electromagnetic waves, mechanical vibrations, and alternating current electricity.

Frequency determines many important characteristics of waves, such as pitch in sound or color in light. In electrical engineering, frequency dictates the behavior of AC power systems, with the standard mains electricity frequency being 50 or 60 Hz depending on the country. Radio and television broadcasts also rely on specific frequencies to transmit signals.

Using cycle per second as a unit helps scientists and engineers understand and quantify periodic phenomena. The hertz is essential for designing electronic devices, communication systems, and studying natural oscillations. It provides a universal language to describe the repetitive nature of waves and signals, enabling consistent measurement and comparison across different scientific disciplines.