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Measuring Ultra-Low Frequencies

The attohertz (aHz) is an extremely small unit of frequency equal to 10⁻¹⁸ hertz, or one cycle per 10¹⁸ seconds (about 31.7 billion years). This unit is used to describe ultra-low frequency phenomena that occur on cosmic or geological timescales, far beyond everyday human experience.

Attohertz frequencies are relevant in cosmology, astrophysics, and geophysics, where they help scientists study processes that evolve over billions of years. For example, gravitational waves generated by massive cosmic events or the oscillations of the Earth’s magnetic field can be characterized by frequencies in the attohertz range. These waves have enormous wavelengths, often spanning millions or billions of kilometres.

Because the attohertz corresponds to such a long period between cycles, it is mostly used in theoretical research rather than practical applications. Understanding phenomena at this scale gives insight into the fundamental workings of the universe, including the slow evolution of cosmic structures, the expansion of space-time, and the early conditions following the Big Bang.

Exploring Ultra-Slow Periodic Phenomena

The microhertz (µHz) is a unit of frequency equal to 10⁻⁶ hertz, meaning one cycle occurs every 1,000,000 seconds or approximately 11.6 days. This very low frequency range is significant in astrophysics, geophysics, and various scientific disciplines that study slow, periodic phenomena spanning days to weeks.

In astrophysics, microhertz frequencies are important for observing oscillations in stars, including our Sun. Solar oscillations, known as helioseismic waves, occur in the microhertz range and provide valuable insights into the Sun’s internal structure and dynamics. These oscillations help scientists understand stellar processes, energy transport, and magnetic activity.

On Earth, microhertz frequencies correspond to slow geophysical processes such as tectonic plate motions, long-period seismic waves, and atmospheric tides. These phenomena unfold over days and influence climate and geological activity.

Because microhertz frequencies represent slow oscillations with very long wavelengths (thousands to millions of kilometres), they provide a unique window into dynamic processes that evolve over extended timeframes. Studying microhertz waves allows researchers to connect daily to weekly timescales with broader natural cycles.