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Understanding Extremely Low Frequency Waves

A kilometre (km) is a unit of length equal to 1,000 metres, and in the context of electromagnetic waves, it is used to describe extremely long wavelengths, typically in the Very Low Frequency (VLF) and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) ranges. These wavelengths correspond to very low frequencies, usually below 300 kHz, and are commonly used in long-distance radio communication, submarine communication, navigation systems, and geophysical research.

For instance, a frequency of 30 kHz has a wavelength of 10 km, while 3 kHz corresponds to a wavelength of 100 km. These long wavelengths can travel great distances, penetrate seawater, and diffuse around obstacles, making them ideal for communication with submerged submarines and in areas where traditional signals cannot reach. ELF waves, with wavelengths of hundreds to thousands of kilometres, are also used in Earth monitoring, such as detecting seismic or lightning activity.

Using kilometres to measure wavelength allows scientists and engineers to understand and design systems for global communication and natural signal monitoring. Although challenging to generate and detect, kilometre-scale wavelengths play a vital role in specialized but critical applications.

The Unit of Frequency

The term cycle per second, commonly known as the hertz (Hz), is the standard unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI). It measures how many complete cycles or oscillations of a periodic event occur in one second. For example, if a wave oscillates 60 times in one second, it has a frequency of 60 Hz. The concept of cycle per second applies to many fields including sound waves, electromagnetic waves, mechanical vibrations, and alternating current electricity.

Frequency determines many important characteristics of waves, such as pitch in sound or color in light. In electrical engineering, frequency dictates the behavior of AC power systems, with the standard mains electricity frequency being 50 or 60 Hz depending on the country. Radio and television broadcasts also rely on specific frequencies to transmit signals.

Using cycle per second as a unit helps scientists and engineers understand and quantify periodic phenomena. The hertz is essential for designing electronic devices, communication systems, and studying natural oscillations. It provides a universal language to describe the repetitive nature of waves and signals, enabling consistent measurement and comparison across different scientific disciplines.