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Caliber

Caliber is a term used to describe the internal diameter of a cylindrical object, most commonly the inside diameter of a gun barrel or firearm bore. It is typically measured in inches or millimeters.

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  In firearms, caliber indicates the diameter of the bullet or projectile that can be fired from the barrel (e.g., a .45 caliber means the barrel’s internal diameter is 0.45 inches).

  
  
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  In other contexts, such as engineering or piping, caliber can refer more generally to the diameter or thickness of tubes or cylindrical objects.

  
  

Key points:

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  Caliber = internal diameter of a barrel or tube

  
  
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  Measured in inches or millimeters

  
  
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  Important for firearm specifications and ammunition compatibility

  
  
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  Also used in engineering and manufacturing

  
  

Caliber is crucial for matching ammunition to firearms and for defining performance characteristics like velocity and accuracy.

X-unit

The X-unit (symbol: xu) is a very small unit of length used primarily to measure wavelengths of X-rays and gamma rays. It was introduced in the early 20th century for precision measurements in X-ray crystallography.

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  1 X-unit ≈ 0.1 picometers (pm) or 10⁻¹³ meters

  
  
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  It allows scientists to express extremely small wavelengths typical of X-rays, which are on the order of atomic spacing

  
  
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  The exact definition has varied historically, but the unit remains useful for comparing wavelengths in X-ray spectroscopy and crystallography

  
  

Though largely replaced by the picometer or ångström in modern usage, the X-unit played a crucial role in early developments of atomic-scale measurement.