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Number System

The octal number system, also known as base-8, is a positional numeral system that uses eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Each digit represents a power of 8, with the rightmost digit representing $8^0$, the next representing $8^1$, and so on. For example, the octal number 157 equals $1 \times 8^2 + 5 \times 8^1 + 7 \times 8^0 = 64 + 40 + 7 = 111$ in decimal. Octal was widely used in early computing systems because it provides a more compact representation of binary numbers: each octal digit corresponds exactly to three binary digits. This makes conversion between binary and octal straightforward and simplifies programming and memory addressing in older computer architectures. Although modern systems primarily use hexadecimal (base-16), octal remains important in some computing contexts, such as Unix file permissions, digital electronics, and certain embedded systems. Understanding octal helps in grasping how different number bases can efficiently represent information and interact with binary systems. It also provides a foundation for learning hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems used in digital technology.

Number System

The base-16 number system, also known as the hexadecimal system, is a positional numeral system that uses sixteen symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F, where A represents ten, B eleven, C twelve, D thirteen, E fourteen, and F fifteen in decimal. Each digit’s position represents a power of 16, starting from $16^0$ at the rightmost digit and increasing to the left. For example, the hexadecimal number 2F3 equals $2 \times 16^2 + 15 \times 16^1 + 3 \times 16^0 = 512 + 240 + 3 = 755$ in decimal. Hexadecimal is widely used in computing and digital electronics because it provides a compact way to represent binary numbers, with each hex digit corresponding exactly to four binary digits. This simplifies conversions between binary and hexadecimal and makes it easier to read and write large binary values. Hexadecimal numbers are commonly used in programming, memory addressing, color codes in web design, and digital circuit design. Understanding base-16 is essential for computer scientists, engineers, and programmers, as it bridges the gap between human-readable numbers and machine-level binary code, enabling efficient computation, debugging, and data representation.