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Number System

The octal number system, also known as base-8, is a positional numeral system that uses eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Each digit represents a power of 8, with the rightmost digit representing $8^0$, the next representing $8^1$, and so on. For example, the octal number 157 equals $1 \times 8^2 + 5 \times 8^1 + 7 \times 8^0 = 64 + 40 + 7 = 111$ in decimal. Octal was widely used in early computing systems because it provides a more compact representation of binary numbers: each octal digit corresponds exactly to three binary digits. This makes conversion between binary and octal straightforward and simplifies programming and memory addressing in older computer architectures. Although modern systems primarily use hexadecimal (base-16), octal remains important in some computing contexts, such as Unix file permissions, digital electronics, and certain embedded systems. Understanding octal helps in grasping how different number bases can efficiently represent information and interact with binary systems. It also provides a foundation for learning hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems used in digital technology.

Number System

The hexadecimal number system, also known as base-16, is a positional numeral system that uses sixteen distinct symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. The letters A to F represent decimal values 10 to 15, respectively. Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a power of 16, starting from $16^0$ at the rightmost digit. For example, the hexadecimal number 2F3 equals $2 \times 16^2 + 15 \times 16^1 + 3 \times 16^0 = 512 + 240 + 3 = 755$ in decimal. Hexadecimal is widely used in computing and digital electronics because it provides a compact way to represent binary numbers, where each hex digit corresponds exactly to four binary digits. This makes conversion between binary and hexadecimal simple and efficient. Hexadecimal is commonly used in memory addressing, color coding in web design, and programming to simplify representation of large binary values. Understanding hexadecimal is essential for computer scientists, programmers, and engineers, as it bridges the gap between human-readable numbers and machine-level binary code, facilitating efficient computation, debugging, and data interpretation.