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Femtometer and Square Femtometer – A Short Note

A femtometer (symbol: fm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to:

1 femtometer = 10⁻¹⁵ meters

It is also known as a fermi (symbol: f), named after physicist Enrico Fermi. The femtometer is commonly used in nuclear physics to measure the size of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles. For example, a typical atomic nucleus is about 1–10 femtometers in diameter.

A square femtometer (symbol: fm²) is a unit of area that represents a square with sides one femtometer in length:

1 fm² = (10⁻¹⁵ m) × (10⁻¹⁵ m) = 10⁻³⁰ m²

This unit is used to describe extremely small surface areas at the nuclear or particle scale, though less commonly than the length unit.

In summary:

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  Femtometer (fm) measures very small lengths (nuclear scale)

  
  
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  Square femtometer (fm²) measures extremely tiny areas

  
  
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  Used mainly in nuclear and particle physics.

  
  

Gal – A Short Note

The Gal (symbol: Gal) is a unit of acceleration used primarily in geophysics and gravimetry to measure gravitational acceleration. It is named after Galileo Galilei, the famous Italian scientist who studied motion and gravity.

The Gal is defined as:

1 Gal = 1 centimeter per second squared (1 cm/s²)

This means an object accelerating at 1 Gal gains 1 cm/s in speed every second.

Because the Gal is relatively large for precise measurements, smaller units are commonly used:

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  1 milligal (mGal) = 0.001 Gal

  
  
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  1 microgal (µGal) = 0.000001 Gal

  
  

Earth’s gravity at the surface is approximately 980 Gal, but geophysicists often measure small variations in gravity, so they typically use milligals or microgals.

The Gal is not an SI unit, but it is widely used in scientific fields related to the Earth, such as seismology, mining, and oil exploration.