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Femtometer and Square Femtometer – A Short Note

A femtometer (symbol: fm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to:

1 femtometer = 10⁻¹⁵ meters

It is also known as a fermi (symbol: f), named after physicist Enrico Fermi. The femtometer is commonly used in nuclear physics to measure the size of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles. For example, a typical atomic nucleus is about 1–10 femtometers in diameter.

A square femtometer (symbol: fm²) is a unit of area that represents a square with sides one femtometer in length:

1 fm² = (10⁻¹⁵ m) × (10⁻¹⁵ m) = 10⁻³⁰ m²

This unit is used to describe extremely small surface areas at the nuclear or particle scale, though less commonly than the length unit.

In summary:

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  Femtometer (fm) measures very small lengths (nuclear scale)

  
  
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  Square femtometer (fm²) measures extremely tiny areas

  
  
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  Used mainly in nuclear and particle physics.

  
  

Galileo (Unit) – A Short Note

The galileo (symbol: Gal) is a unit of acceleration used mainly in the field of geophysics, especially gravimetry, which measures the Earth's gravitational field.

One galileo is defined as:

1 Gal = 1 centimeter per second squared (1 cm/s²)

It is a non-SI (non-International System) unit, named after the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei in honor of his pioneering work on gravity and motion.

Because the Gal is a relatively large unit for precise gravity measurements, smaller subunits are often used:

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  1 milligal (mGal) = 0.001 Gal

  
  
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  1 microgal (µGal) = 0.000001 Gal

  
  

In practical terms, Earth's surface gravity is about 980 Gal, but variations in local gravity fields (due to terrain, density, etc.) are often measured in milligals or microgals.

The galileo unit is essential in geophysical surveys, oil exploration, and earthquake studies.