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Hand


A hand is a traditional unit of length primarily used to measure the height of horses. It is equal to 4 inches or 10.16 centimeters.


The origin of the hand as a measurement comes from using the width of a human hand, and it has been standardized at 4 inches for consistency in horse measurement. Horse height is expressed in "hands," measured from the ground to the highest point of the withers (the ridge between the shoulder blades).


Key points:



  • 1 hand = 4 inches



  • 1 hand = 10.16 centimeters



  • Used mainly for measuring horse height



  • Horse height is often given in hands and inches, e.g., 15.2 hands means 15 hands plus 2 inches



The hand remains the standard unit for horse height in many English-speaking countries.


X-unit


The X-unit (symbol: xu) is a very small unit of length used primarily to measure wavelengths of X-rays and gamma rays. It was introduced in the early 20th century for precision measurements in X-ray crystallography.



  • 1 X-unit ≈ 0.1 picometers (pm) or 10⁻¹³ meters



  • It allows scientists to express extremely small wavelengths typical of X-rays, which are on the order of atomic spacing



  • The exact definition has varied historically, but the unit remains useful for comparing wavelengths in X-ray spectroscopy and crystallography



Though largely replaced by the picometer or ångström in modern usage, the X-unit played a crucial role in early developments of atomic-scale measurement.




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