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Number System

The base-12 number system, also known as the duodecimal system, is a positional numeral system that uses twelve symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, and B, where A represents ten and B represents eleven in decimal. Each digit’s position represents a power of 12, starting from $12^0$ at the rightmost digit and increasing to the left. For example, the base-12 number 3B4 equals $3 \times 12^2 + 11 \times 12^1 + 4 \times 12^0 = 432 + 132 + 4 = 568$ in decimal. Base-12 has historically been used in counting systems, timekeeping, and measurements, such as a dozen or hours on a clock. It is valued for its divisibility, as 12 can be evenly divided by 2, 3, 4, and 6, making fraction representation simpler than in decimal. The duodecimal system is also studied in mathematics for its interesting arithmetic properties, positional notation, and numeral patterns. Understanding base-12 provides insights into alternative counting systems, number theory, and conversions between numeral bases. It enhances problem-solving, logical thinking, and understanding of how different bases represent quantities, making it a useful concept in both historical and theoretical mathematics.

Number System

The octal number system, also known as base-8, is a positional numeral system that uses eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Each digit represents a power of 8, with the rightmost digit representing $8^0$, the next representing $8^1$, and so on. For example, the octal number 157 equals $1 \times 8^2 + 5 \times 8^1 + 7 \times 8^0 = 64 + 40 + 7 = 111$ in decimal. Octal was widely used in early computing systems because it provides a more compact representation of binary numbers: each octal digit corresponds exactly to three binary digits. This makes conversion between binary and octal straightforward and simplifies programming and memory addressing in older computer architectures. Although modern systems primarily use hexadecimal (base-16), octal remains important in some computing contexts, such as Unix file permissions, digital electronics, and certain embedded systems. Understanding octal helps in grasping how different number bases can efficiently represent information and interact with binary systems. It also provides a foundation for learning hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems used in digital technology.