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Nanometer and Square Nanometer – A Short Note

A nanometer (symbol: nm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to:

1 nanometer = 10⁻⁹ meters

Nanometers are widely used to measure things at the molecular and atomic scale, such as the size of molecules, wavelengths of light, and features in nanotechnology. For example, the diameter of a DNA molecule is about 2 nanometers.

A square nanometer (symbol: nm²) is a unit of area, representing a square with each side one nanometer long:

1 nm² = (10⁻⁹ m) × (10⁻⁹ m) = 10⁻¹⁸ m²

Square nanometers are used to describe very small surface areas, such as the surface of nanoparticles or thin films.

In summary:

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  Nanometer (nm) measures very small lengths at the nanoscale

  
  
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  Square nanometer (nm²) measures extremely small areas

  
  
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  Common in nanotechnology, materials science, and molecular biology

  
  

Gal – A Short Note

The Gal (symbol: Gal) is a unit of acceleration used primarily in geophysics and gravimetry to measure gravitational acceleration. It is named after Galileo Galilei, the famous Italian scientist who studied motion and gravity.

The Gal is defined as:

1 Gal = 1 centimeter per second squared (1 cm/s²)

This means an object accelerating at 1 Gal gains 1 cm/s in speed every second.

Because the Gal is relatively large for precise measurements, smaller units are commonly used:

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  1 milligal (mGal) = 0.001 Gal

  
  
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  1 microgal (µGal) = 0.000001 Gal

  
  

Earth’s gravity at the surface is approximately 980 Gal, but geophysicists often measure small variations in gravity, so they typically use milligals or microgals.

The Gal is not an SI unit, but it is widely used in scientific fields related to the Earth, such as seismology, mining, and oil exploration.