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Cosmic Scales of Electromagnetic Waves

A terametre (Tm) is equal to 1 trillion metres (10¹² m), an enormous unit used to describe wavelengths on an interplanetary or even interstellar scale. Such colossal wavelengths correspond to extremely low frequencies in the picohertz to femtohertz range and are primarily relevant in astrophysics, cosmology, and gravitational wave studies. At this scale, electromagnetic or gravitational waves can span distances comparable to the size of the solar system or beyond.

For example, a frequency of 1 femtohertz (10⁻¹⁵ Hz) corresponds to a wavelength of approximately 300 terametres, or 300 billion kilometres — about twice the distance from the Sun to Pluto. These wavelengths are far beyond practical terrestrial communication but are important for understanding phenomena like primordial gravitational waves, cosmic microwave background fluctuations, and large-scale cosmic structures.

Using terametres to express wavelength helps scientists conceptualize and study the vast, slow oscillations that shape the universe over billions of years. These extreme wavelengths offer insight into the very fabric of space-time, the origins of the universe, and processes occurring on the grandest cosmic scales.

The Unit for Slow Oscillations

The centihertz (cHz) is a unit of frequency equal to 10⁻² hertz, meaning one cycle occurs every 100 seconds, or approximately 1 minute and 40 seconds. This frequency range is useful in studying slow, periodic phenomena in fields like geophysics, astrophysics, and engineering.

In geophysics, centihertz frequencies often describe slow seismic waves and Earth’s natural resonances after earthquakes. These oscillations provide insights into the planet’s interior structure and the behavior of seismic waves as they travel through different layers. Monitoring these frequencies helps improve earthquake understanding and early-warning systems.

In astrophysics, centihertz frequencies correspond to certain pulsations in stars and compact objects like neutron stars. These slow oscillations help scientists probe the physical properties, rotation, and magnetic fields of such objects.

In engineering, centihertz vibrations may be important for studying the stability and resonance of large structures like bridges or skyscrapers, which can oscillate slowly under environmental forces like wind or traffic.

Centihertz frequencies represent a middle ground between very slow ultra-low frequencies and faster oscillations. By understanding these frequencies, researchers can better analyze processes that unfold over minutes, bridging time scales relevant to both natural phenomena and engineered systems.