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Cosmic Scales of Electromagnetic Waves

A terametre (Tm) is equal to 1 trillion metres (10¹² m), an enormous unit used to describe wavelengths on an interplanetary or even interstellar scale. Such colossal wavelengths correspond to extremely low frequencies in the picohertz to femtohertz range and are primarily relevant in astrophysics, cosmology, and gravitational wave studies. At this scale, electromagnetic or gravitational waves can span distances comparable to the size of the solar system or beyond.

For example, a frequency of 1 femtohertz (10⁻¹⁵ Hz) corresponds to a wavelength of approximately 300 terametres, or 300 billion kilometres — about twice the distance from the Sun to Pluto. These wavelengths are far beyond practical terrestrial communication but are important for understanding phenomena like primordial gravitational waves, cosmic microwave background fluctuations, and large-scale cosmic structures.

Using terametres to express wavelength helps scientists conceptualize and study the vast, slow oscillations that shape the universe over billions of years. These extreme wavelengths offer insight into the very fabric of space-time, the origins of the universe, and processes occurring on the grandest cosmic scales.

The Scale of Extremely Low Frequency and Astrophysical Waves

A gigametre (Gm) is equal to 1,000,000,000 metres (10⁹ m) and is used to describe extraordinarily long wavelengths found primarily in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band and in astrophysical phenomena. These wavelengths correspond to frequencies in the millihertz to microhertz range, far below typical human-made radio communications. Gigametre-scale wavelengths are associated with very slow oscillations in space plasmas, planetary magnetospheres, and cosmic radio waves.

For example, a frequency of 1 microhertz (10⁻⁶ Hz) corresponds to a wavelength of about 300 million kilometres (300 Gm), which is roughly twice the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Such enormous wavelengths are significant in studying solar-terrestrial interactions, long-period gravitational waves, and other phenomena in astrophysics and cosmology.

Although gigametre wavelengths are not practical for terrestrial communications, they help scientists understand the large-scale electromagnetic environment of the solar system and beyond. Using the gigametre unit allows researchers to quantify these immense scales and analyze signals and waves that influence planetary environments, space weather, and the interstellar medium.