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Gal – A Short Note

The Gal (symbol: Gal) is a unit of acceleration used primarily in geophysics and gravimetry to measure gravitational acceleration. It is named after Galileo Galilei, the famous Italian scientist who studied motion and gravity.

The Gal is defined as:

1 Gal = 1 centimeter per second squared (1 cm/s²)

This means an object accelerating at 1 Gal gains 1 cm/s in speed every second.

Because the Gal is relatively large for precise measurements, smaller units are commonly used:

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  1 milligal (mGal) = 0.001 Gal

  
  
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  1 microgal (µGal) = 0.000001 Gal

  
  

Earth’s gravity at the surface is approximately 980 Gal, but geophysicists often measure small variations in gravity, so they typically use milligals or microgals.

The Gal is not an SI unit, but it is widely used in scientific fields related to the Earth, such as seismology, mining, and oil exploration.

Picometer and Square Picometer – A Short Note

A picometer (symbol: pm) is a metric unit of length equal to:

1 picometer = 10⁻¹² meters

It is used to measure extremely small distances, typically at the atomic and molecular scale. For example, the diameter of a hydrogen atom is about 50–120 picometers. Scientists use picometers in fields like chemistry, nanotechnology, and physics to describe the size of atoms, chemical bonds, and tiny structures.

A square picometer (symbol: pm²) is a unit of area, representing a square with each side one picometer long:

1 pm² = (10⁻¹² m) × (10⁻¹² m) = 10⁻²⁴ m²

This unit is used to express extremely small surface areas, such as the cross-sectional area of atoms or molecules.

In summary:

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  Picometer (pm) measures ultra-small lengths

  
  
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  Square picometer (pm²) measures extremely small areas

  
  
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  Common in nanoscience, chemistry, and quantum physics